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I'm ready

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future explorers will venture in harsher

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environments than ever before at

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distances never encountered in human

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history for durations never achieved by

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a future mission to Mars could take as

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long as three years astronauts would

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work four years at a lunar base three

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Americans undertook the first

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long-duration mission in 1974 returning

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safely to Earth after 84 days aloft two

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Soviets have spent a year in space both

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programs have shown that there is much

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yet to learn to enable astronauts to

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undertake long missions to keep them

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healthy physically and psychologically

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to provide them with medical care and

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life-support and to protect them from

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when astronauts travel beyond the

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sanctuary of the magnetic field

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surrounding our planet they're no longer

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protected from cosmic rays and solar

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flare radiation without shielding an

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astronaut exposed to a solar flare event

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would become ill with radiation sickness

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chronic exposure to cosmic radiation

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could increase an astronauts risk of

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developing cancer before explorers can

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undertake long missions far from home

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life sciences researchers must find out

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more about the hazards of space

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radiation high on a hillside overlooking

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the university campus in Berkeley

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scientists use an accelerator to whip

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tiny fragments of matter faster and

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faster to higher and higher energies and

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then hurl them at a target to simulate

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space radiation on earth this is the

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only way we have to learn more about how

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space radiation damages living cells

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Greg Nelson of the Jet Propulsion

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Laboratory uses this unique facility at

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Berkeley to irradiate microscopic

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roundworms

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it's a nematode or a roundworm called

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scene Arab Titus elegans and what we

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actually look for after the worms have

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been exposed to these artificial cosmic

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rays is the presence of mutations or

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damage to known populations of cells in

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our bodies our ultimate goal is to be

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able to use our model animal C elegans

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to extrapolate to the cancer risk for

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human beings earth-based experiments can

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only simulate space radiation soon

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scientists will have the opportunity to

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study the effects of long-term exposure

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to the real space radiation environment

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flying round worms and insects plants

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and human cells aboard NASA's life's at

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what we learn will help physicists as

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they investigate the different

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spacecraft materials that will protect

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our astronauts from space radiation

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developing shielding is a difficult task

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the shield the skin of the spacecraft

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has to be thick enough to stop

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micrometeorites but not too thick

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because when high-energy particles

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collide with the shield the collisions

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produce secondary particles that can

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also damage the cells of an astronauts

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body the thicker the shield the more

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collisions the more damaging secondary

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particles are produced shielding has to

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be thin enough to hold down the effects

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of the collisions and still protect the

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craft with real data life sciences

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researchers will set radiation exposure

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limits that will drive the development

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of new shielding materials and other

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protective measures so that our

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explorers can safely undertake extended

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missions beyond Earth's magnetic

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for most astronauts microgravity is fun

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once they get used to it virtually all

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of the body's systems systems that have

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evolved for millions of years in the

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presence of gravity begin adapting to

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the absence of gravity within hours of

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liftoff but these changes in the body

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can cause problems when an astronaut

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skeleton is no longer needed to support

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his body his bones grow thin and porous

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muscles that on earth work against the

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downward tug of gravity to remain strong

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atrophy if not used the heart shrinks

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when it no longer has to pump blood from

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the feet to the head against the pull of

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gravity because of these and other

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changes astronauts on an extended

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mission would lose the strength and

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stamina needed to return to Earth or

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explore the surface of another planet

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chief of the Life Sciences Division at

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NASA's Ames Research Center Joan Vern

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echoes when they return to Earth even

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with all the exercise and

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countermeasures they do Romanenko for

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instance and other Soviets so they

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cannot walk unassisted for at least 48

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hours well you can't do that on landing

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on Mars you have to be able to either

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egress rapidly in case of emergency or

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get out in this relatively alien

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environment and build a shelter or a

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habitat before you go exploring around

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the Martian surface and therefore you

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cannot afford to be weak or unable to

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move to help our astronauts overcome

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space deconditioning researchers at the

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Johnson Space Center are developing

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countermeasures chief of the medical

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operations branch Jeff Davis on the

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Space Shuttle we employ countermeasures

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that range from things as simple as flu

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loading to replace volume that's lost

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during flight to exercise for a

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cardiovascular conditioning and muscle

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strength to the use of a g-suit to help

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the body overcome the forces of gravity

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during entry during a recent space

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shuttle flight bonny Dunbar tested a

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countermeasure device that could help an

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astronaut prepare for the return to

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gravity completely enclosing her lower

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body the device uses a partial vacuum to

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pull blood down to the feet in the same

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way that gravity does on earth for Space

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Station we'll be interested in looking

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at research into areas such as bone loss

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and potential use of medications as a

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countermeasure to diet and dietary

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supplements high school teacher Vincent

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du is in perfect health but beginning

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today he'll be confined to bed for the

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next 17 weeks he'll never get up or sit

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up even to eat keeping his feet higher

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than his head shifts fluids to his upper

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body and takes the stress off his

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muscles and bones to simulate the

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changes that astronauts experience in

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the absence of gravity through bedrest

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studies like this one conducted at the

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Ames Research Center scientists can

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experiment with different combinations

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of diet medication and exercise to

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offset the effects of space

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deconditioning for Vincent the

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experiment ends with a ride in a

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centrifuge to simulate an astronaut's

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since Vincent had no problem with his

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reentry these same countermeasures might

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work to keep an astronaut in good

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condition during an extended mission

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exercise has been an effective

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countermeasure for Soviet cosmonauts but

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near the end of an 11 month stay aboard

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the Soviet space station Mir cosmonaut

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Yuri Romanenko was working out as much

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as four hours a day severely limiting

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the time he could devote to his mission

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so in a parallel effort nasa researchers

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are investigating the benefits of the

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artificial gravity produced by

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centrifugal force such as the gravity

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produced by the spinning spacecraft of

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science fiction scientists don't yet

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know if artificial gravity will work or

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if it does just how much is needed would

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an hour a day spend in a small exercise

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centrifuge keep astronauts fit or would

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the entire spacecraft have to rotate 24

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hours a day

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answers to these questions will

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significantly influence the design and

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cost of the spacecraft that will carry

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our astronauts further into the space

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a spacecraft bound for Mars will be so

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massive that it won't be launched from

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Earth in one piece it will be assembled

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on orbit to do the job our astronauts

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will spend many long hours working evey

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a so biomechanics engineers at the

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Johnson Space Center are working to make

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sure that the tasks they'll be

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performing don't ask more than an

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astronaut has to give tests are

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conducted in simulated weightlessness

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under water the crank measures how much

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strength the space-suited astronaut can

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exert underwater video captures the

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action sensors record which muscles

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produce the motion engineers analyze the

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data and determine how much force an

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astronaut can deliver they then

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developed computer models of human

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capabilities these smart tools will help

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researchers see how astronauts will work

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in environments that don't even yet

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exist real requirements can then be set

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to make sure that tasks can be

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when gene cernan Ronald Evans and Jack

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Schmitt departed earth on the last and

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longest Apollo mission they took some

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500 pounds of air food and water with

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them were those same three men to go to

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work at a lunar outpost for a two-year

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tour of duty using the same life-support

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system we have today each man's

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provisions would require a dedicated

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launch a prohibitive expense what's

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needed is a life-support system that can

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recycle food and air water and waste in

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a closed system astronauts will grow

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their own crops just like the wheat

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grown in this environmentally sealed

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chamber at the Kennedy Space Center with

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this component of a closed life-support

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system researchers here are

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demonstrating the feasibility of using

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plants to provide fresh air clean water

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and nutritious food by carefully

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controlling the nutrient solution the

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moisture in the atmosphere and exposure

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to simulated sunlight this biological

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system is proving to be very reliable

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but will it work as well without gravity

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the space station freedom will serve as

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a testbed to qualify the life-support

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system that will sustain our space

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for researchers in the Antarctic it is

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in this remote corner of the globe the

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nearest medical care is hours away on an

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expedition to Mars when an emergency

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occurs there is no place to go

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crews must handle medical emergencies

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and treat routine illness themselves so

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doctors and engineers at the Johnson

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Space Center are putting the

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capabilities of an emergency room a

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medical laboratory and an x-ray facility

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into a compact clinic for use in space

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for tightly packed racks of specially

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engineered medical equipment and

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supplies will provide what's needed to

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perform diagnostic tests treat injuries

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and illness and keep track of patient

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records but medical systems and

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procedures for use in space must be more

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than compact they must work without

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gravity and so they're tested by a team

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of doctors and technicians in a very

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unusual test facility research engineer

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Terry yes just like a roller coaster the

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kc-135 flies in a parabolic flight path

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as the plane reaches the peak of his

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path it starts to nose over and at that

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point you get 25 to 30 seconds of zero

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gravity this doesn't sound like a lot

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but it's the only way we have on earth

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performing medical procedures without

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gravity requires an entirely different

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approach to medical care with much

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astronauts may seem very different from

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aquanauts but this diver experiences

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some of the same psychological stress

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from isolation and confinement that an

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astronaut will on a long mission the

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diver works for weeks at a time cut off

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from family and friends he lives in a

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facility that is cramped and closed with

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a tiny kitchen and living area and six

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bunks stacked three on a side it is a

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habitat for aquanauts not unlike that of

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astronauts which is why human factors

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researchers study the divers behavior

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how do people handle the isolation the

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lack of privacy and the prolonged

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confinement how do different

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personalities mix how does the group

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function as a whole

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continued human factors research with

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divers and others at work in remote

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environments will determine selection

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criteria and training and psychological

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support techniques that will help ensure

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life sciences researchers are at work on

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a variety of fronts studying the

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physical and psychological impacts of

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extended missions this research is

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critical if we are to sustain nurture

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and protect our space explorers it is

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this research that will turn our dreams

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of space exploration into reality I

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believe that this nation should commit

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itself to achieving the goal before this

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decade is out of landing a man on the

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moon and returning him safely to the

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earth I believe before Apollo celebrates

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the 50th anniversary of its landing on

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the moon the American flag should be